When you heat something until it glows, you’re seeing incandescence—the release of light because of temperature. At the atomic level, the heat makes the material’s atoms and electrons vibrate and accelerate, and those motions give off radiation. The hotter it gets, the brighter it shines, and the peak color shifts—red at lower temperatures, white or even bluish at very high ones.
In theory, this glow follows Planck’s law of blackbody radiation. But in reality, different materials tweak the spectrum. That’s where lantern mantles come in. They use oxides like thorium oxide or yttrium oxide, which can withstand extreme heat without melting, and they radiate efficiently in the visible range.
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